Why Use Molybdenum Electrode to Melt Glass?

Glass is prized because of its clarity, beauty and numerous versatilities. The presence of molybdenum is helpful for its manufacturer and related products for daily use as the material has high strength at high temperature and also has corrosion resistance to molten glass. 

There are records in history for the use of glass by humanity, which can be traced back to the era when primitive people used obsidian glass naturally formed by lava as a knife and cutting. In the development process from ancient history to modern times, glass has proved its practicality in countless applications and has become an indispensable part of daily life. Nowadays, molybdenum is also indispensable for glass manufacturing.

With the advent of electricity, engineers began to design electric furnaces to replace coal or gas fuel furnaces traditionally used to melt glass. Early designs tried to relied on electric arc and radiation to heat glass, but these techniques were not widely accepted. In the 1950s, researchers discovered that molten glass can conduct electricity, and the molybdenum metal electrode can directly heat the glass by passing an electric current through the molten glass.

After that, the use of molybdenum was increased. Molybdenum electrode can be side-entry or bottom-entry. There are also molybdenum stirrers to help to make the melt uniform. The molten glass can protect the molybdenum components from the rapid oxidation of air at high temperatures, so that they have a long and reliable service life. The designer uses inert cooling gas or water cooling to protect the electrode part outside the glass from being oxidized.

The molybdenum component can also protect the refractory materials of the furnace from wear and corrosion, as a refractory brick that covers vulnerable areas as ‘armor’. Even in the absence of molten glass protection, advanced coatings make these components resistant to oxidation during cold start.

If you have any inquiry of molybdenum electrode , please feel free to contact us:
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What’s the Role of Molybdenum Electrode in the Production of Glass Fiber Insulation Material?

Glass fiber, its size is extremely fine from few micrometers to twenty micrometers, which is equivalent to 1/20-1/5 of a hair. Each bundle of fibers consists of numerous extremely fine fibers of glass. However, don't be fooled by its size. They are fine but strong enough.

The material is first well known as thermal insulation material for buildings. So far, its biggest application is to be used as insulation and reinforced composite materials. Wind turbine blades, watercraft and thousands of other products are strong and lightweight because they are made of this material. Many people don't even realize that glass is made and use as fiber form. It is a material that will not attract people’s attention, but is common and essential to modern life.

Rarely, it can be used in the file of medicine as well. In recent years, scientists have been committed to researching and developing a bioactive glass nanofiber for animals and humans, and successfully extracted nanofibers from bioactive glass species through laser spinning technology. The fiber can heal chronic skin ulcers and deep wounds. The antimicrobial fibers that gradually dissolve and are absorbed by the tissue release bioactive ions in the wound, thereby stimulating the growth of blood vessels and promoting tissue healing.

How is the fiber produced?

To form fibers in the 5-to-20-µm-diameter range, manufacturers deliver molten glass to an extrusion equipment that drives the molten glass through nozzles with thousands of small holes. The setup and processing steps vary according to the type of fiber to be produced. For example, manufacturing glass wool fibers for insulation was initially similar to manufacturing marshmallows. The fine glass liquid flows out horizontally through the holes in the rotating rotator and quickly solidifies. After that, they are shredded by a burst of air flow, and then blown down onto the moving conveyor belt, where they are collected and formed into insulating products, such as wool, cushions and boards.

The key to ensuring fiber quality lies in the quality of molten glass. In addition to ensuring the quality of raw materials, manufacturers will purchase pure molybdenum electrode with high purity, corrosion resistance and good oxidation resistance for use in glass electric melting furnaces to melt glass. In this way, the finished products such as fibers and glass bottles will not have any defects, such as coloration, streaks, etc.

If you have any inquiry of molybdenum electrode, please feel free to contact us:

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How do Impurities of Glass Material Affect Service Life of Molybdenum Electrode?

Among the types of cups and pots on the market, glass is the healthiest, safest, and most widely used cups, according to relevant research data. There are various kinds of glasses in the market, but only those with pure glass material, crystal clear body, and moist feel are deeply loved by consumers. How to produce high-quality glass? 

The production process of glass is batching, melting, forming, sintering and annealing. Among them, melting is extremely important for the quantity of finished products and is the top priority in the process. The prepared raw materials are heated in a glass furnace at a high temperature to form a uniform and bubble-free glass liquid. This is a very complicated physical and chemical reaction process, and the quality control of the electrodes used as electric heating should be very strict for each glass factory. 

The glass melting electrode must be able to withstand corrosive glass melting and strong high temperature. Bubbles are not permitted in the process of contact with molten glass, and the product of corrosion of electrode material must not bring any defect to finished glass. Now pure molybdenum material is proved to be the most suitable material for these challenging conditions, considering its characteristics of excellent creep resistance, outstanding corrosion resistance, high purity and good thermal and electrical conductivity.

However, the glass melting process is usually accompanied by various problems.

Glass hybrid materials usually contain chemical impurities, such as As2O3, Sb2O3 and sulfur. If they react with cerium oxide, they will make the glass yellow. If the iron, chromium and other elements in the raw materials exceed the standard, the glass will turn green or yellow, which will waste a lot of decolorizing agent. In the glass furnace, over chemical impurities will have a serious impact on normal operation of the electrode.

Nitric acid water is a liquid mixture mainly composed of sodium sulfate and sodium fluoride. The presence of a large amount of sodium ions makes it highly conductive and always floats on the viscous layer of liquid glass. At the junction of recycling cooling water and electrode jacket, the electrode is short but with high current density. If the nitric acid water reacts with the electrode, the molybdenum electrode will be far unable to carry the current density and then break.

The purity of the molybdenum electrode is very important, which requires at least 99.95% and the content of impurities needs to be controlled under a certain value to prevent the purity problem from affecting the service life. At the same time, the quality of glass material also needs to be guaranteed. Nitric acid water seems trivial, but it can destroy countless electrodes.

If you have any inquiry of molybdenum electrode, please feel free to contact us:
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Advantages and Applications of Molybdenum Electrode for Glass Manufacture‎

Molybdenum electrode is made of pure molybdenum material by powder metallurgy, which has very high purity of 99.95% minimum and a density of 10g/cm3 minimum to ensure the quality of finished glasses and the service life of electrode. 

In Chinatungsten Online, regular diameters of moly electrode range from 20mm to 155mm and the length can reach 1000mm or more, depending on the usage of clients. Usually, the electrode is machined with thread – outer thread or both outer and inner threads. Actually, the current moly electrode replaces original heavy oil and gas energy, effectively reducing environmental pollution and improving the quality of glass.

Advantages 

The material of molybdenum is softer than tungsten material and has an incomparable modulus of elasticity with tungsten. Moreover, moly electrode has high melting point, good machining, corrosion resistance, low expansion, ultra-high strength and rigidity, excellent thermal conductivity, good ductility, easy manufacturing, low emissivity, low resistivity, low vapor pressure, etc.

Applications 

Thanks to its superior characteristics, moly electrode can be applied in different fields. For example, it can be used for welding non-ferrous metals (copper, aluminum, nickel), such as copper braid for switches welding with metal sheet. And considering its high temperature strength, high temperature oxidation resistance, long service life, corrosion resistance and not easy to color glass, moly electrode is widely used in daily-use glass, optical glass, insulation materials, glass fiber, rare earth industry and other fields.

The impurity and grain size of molybdenum powder directly affect the performance of the electrode, and the addition of trace rare earth alloy elements to the electrode can improve the particle size and performance of the molybdenum electrode. At the same time, the selection of raw materials and process control in the process of preparing molybdenum electrodes also affect the performance of the product to varying degrees.

Chinatungsten Online is a professional manufacturer of tungsten and molybdenum with more than 20 years’ producing experience. The Glass Melting Electrodes (GMEs) we provided has very high purity and long service life. 

If you have any inquiry of molybdenum electrode, please feel free to contact us:

Email: sales@chinatungsten.com/sales@xiamentungsten.com

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Molybdenum Electrode in Rare Earth Smelting: Use the Current to Extreme

 As an important component of rare earth smelting, molybdenum electrode’s performance and service life are very important. While the uniformity and level of electrode density and impurity content are important factors affecting rare earth smelting. Compared with other materials of electrodes, molybdenum electrode has less smelting metal pollution and longer service life. Therefore, moly electrode is widely used in the rare earth industry now. 

The molybdenum electrodes provided by Chinatungsten Online are formed by isostatic pressing, forging to various of types after sintering with medium frequency furnace and then turning, rolling, planning and milling. Our company has been producing molybdenum electrode for over two decades, and has been committed to improving the performance of moly electrode. We can provide customized products according to customers' requirements and drawings. The development and application of different types of electrodes is an important achievement.

Molybdenum Electrode 
Appearance: Silver gray metallic luster; no defects, such as lose side, lost corner, divide layer and crackle

Density: > 9.8g/cm3;

Purity: Mo≥99.95%

Dimension: Customized based on drawings of clients

Typical applications: Electro-heat equipment in glass fiber kilns

Molybdenum Electrode Plate

Appearance: Dark brown, silver gray metallic luster if washed by alkali 
Purity: Mo≥99.95% 
Density: >10.15g/cm3
Dimension: T(3-25)xW(25-500)xL(25-500)mm or as per clients’ requirements

Typical applications: Various heating equipment of glass fiber kilns, as liquid-flow hole panels, etc. 

Molybdenum Electrode Bar

Appearance: Bright silver gray metallic luster

Purity: Mo≥99.95% 

Density: > 10.15g/cm3; 

Dimension: Dia. (3-100)mmxL(150-1500)mm

Typical applications: Furnace, electric boosting glass kiln electrode, etc.

With the excellent properties of high strength, resistant to oxidation under high temperature, long working life, corrosion resistance and inability to stain glass, these high purity molybdenum electrodes can not only be used in the rare earth industry, but also be used in many fields such as ordinary glass, optical glass, insulation material and glass fiber.

If you have any inquiry of molybdenum electrodes, please feel free to contact us:
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Current Density Is Important to Service Life of Molybdenum Electrode

Current density is one of the most important parameters for designing the glass electric melting furnace, which is also a very important factor that affects the service life of molybdenum electrode. Controlling the right current density helps the extension of electrode’s working life. 

Molybdenum electrodes are simultaneously subjected to the combined effects of electricity, high temperature and corrosion during smelting. Chemical corrosion and electrochemical corrosion are unavoidable. The experimental analysis shows that the corrosion rate of the electrode is closely related to the current density in the same molten glass.

When the current density is low, the temperature of the moly electrode is lower than the molten glass’s. As the current density increases, the temperature of the electrode reaches or even exceeds the temperature difference of the molten glass. If the relationship between the corrosion rate and the temperature in the medium alkali glass is quantitatively detected, it will be found that the higher the temperature, the greater the corrosion rate. Based on the results of various research experiments, it can be judged that if the current density increases and the temperature of the electrode area rises, it will affect chemical reaction process of the electrode, change flow state of the glass in the electrode area, and finally corrode molybdenum electrode rapidly.

The temperature of electrode is proportional to the current density, and its critical current density value can be 0.4-0.7A/cm2, according to a large number of production experiments. Under this current density, 8-10mm thickness of electrode can work for more than 2 years. The maximum allowable current density is about 2-3A/cm2. In order to make the corrosion less, if it is alkali-free glass, the current load should be smaller. When the current density is less than 1.00A/cm2, the molybdenum electrode can better resist the corrosion of the molten glass. On the contrary, when the current density is higher than 1.00A/cm2, the corrosion rate will naturally increase, and bubbles will be generated on the interface between the molybdenum electrode and the molten glass.

In short, controlling the current density reasonably in glass melting is essential for the application of molybdenum electrode. Chinatungsten Online provides high-purity and high-quality molybdenum electrode worldwide. 

If you have any inquiry of molybdenum electrode, please feel free to contact us:

Email: sales@chinatungsten.com/sales@xiamentungsten.com

Tel.: +86 592 5129696/+86 592 5129595

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Molybdenum Electrode: Ideal for Glass All-electric Melt Furnace

The material of electrode is of importance for the improvement of glass melting technology. Despite the shapes of electrode (usually rod and plate), the types of glass and compositions of glass melt are various, general requirements can still be formulated for the electrode material applied in glass all-electric melt furnace as following: 

1. The current density carried on the electrode has a great loss to the electrode and its material requires having good electrical conductivity to reduce power consumption.

2. The electrode material will not be oxidized at 400℃ or below in the air environment.

3. The material has good mechanical strength when the operating temperature is up to 1700℃.

4. Regardless of oxygen partial pressure and current load, the material can withstand the temperature up to 1700°C. 

5. The products of corrosion of electrode material is not permitted to cause any defects to the finished glasses, such as areas of discoloration, particle inclusions and streaks. 

6. Bubbles, which occur as glass defects in finished products, are not permitted to be produced in reactions between the electrode material and glass melt  

7. The glass melt contains a lot of highly corrosive ingredients. As a result, the electrode material is required to be corrosion resistant. 

8. The material with less impurities does not work with refractory materials, ensuring long service life. 

9. Low expansion coefficient, low contact resistivity with glass.

Metal molybdenum is most frequently used electrode material. Electrodes made of molybdenum with a purity of ≥99.95% are widely applicable in the glass melting industry. In addition to lead glass, it can be used to melt most glasses, such as refractory glass, glass with high viscosity, and glass with high volatile components. The use of molybdenum electrode has played a great role in the utilization of second energy in the glass industry.

If you have any inquiry of molybdenum electrode, please feel free to contact us:

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Brief Introduction To Molybdenum Electrode

Molybdenum (Mo) is commonly used as back contacts for Cu(In,Ga)Se2(CIGS) thin film solar cells because it has the good molybdenum electrode electrical properties of an ohmic contactand is an inert, mechanically durable substrate duringthe absorber film growth. In general, Mo is deposited bydc sputtering onto soda-lime glass substrates. The elec-trical and the mechanical properties of sputtered refrac-tory metal films are known to vary with the working gaspressure .

CIGS thin film growth occurs at tempera-tures > 500  and at these temperatures, the thermallyinduced extrinsic stresses in the glass-Mo structure maycause bending or mechanical distortion of substrate. During the formation of CIGS films, Na ions diffuse fromthe soda-lime glass substrate through the Mo back con-tact into the absorber layer. The diffusion of Na into theabsorber film depends on the deposition conditions of theMo back contact .

Molybdenum films were deposited on soda-lime glass substrates by using DC magnetron sputtering. Their structural and morphological properties and their electrical resistivities were analyzed with respect to the working gas (Ar) pressure. The electrical resistivity of the Mo films monotonically increased as the gas pressure was increased. The films showed a (110) preferred orientation, regardless of the working gas pressure.

The surface morphology of the films changed from an elon-gated grain structure at lower working pressures to a porous nodular shape at higher pressures. The surface roughness of the films increased with the working gas pressure. Secondary ion mass spectrometry data showed that Na diffusion from the soda lime glass substrate through the Moback contact was high, for the film sputtered at 5 mTorr. Cu(InGa)Se2 solar cells fabricated on Mofilms sputtered at 5 mTorr showed the best conversion efficiencies.

If you have any inquiry of molybdenum electrode, please feel free to contact us:
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Tel.: +86 592 5129696/+86 592 5129595
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Two Kinds of Molybdenum Electrode Material

1.Molybdenum electrode
Appearance: Silver gray metallic luster
No defects (lose side, lose corner, divide layer, crackle)
To bend or align according to the needs of users
Density: 9.8g/cm3
purity : Mo 99.95%
Dimension : (14-20) * (14-20) * L L max 500mm
Main applications: Molybdenum electrode is used as electro-heat equipment of the glass fiber kiln
The impurity content accords with GB3462-82 standard

2.Molybdenum electrode plate
Dark brown , silver gray metallic luster if washed by the alkali (produced according to user's request )
Purity : Mo 99.95%
Density: 10.15g/m3
Dimension : (3 - 25)* (50 -500) *L L max800mm (Unit weight is not more than 40 kgs) special specification should be consulted by both parties
Main applications: Molybdenum electrode plate can be used as various kinds of heating equipment of glass fiber kiln, liquid-flow hole panel, etc.
The impurity content accords with GB3876-83 standard

3.Molybdenum electrode bars
Appearance: Bright silver gray metallic luster . (process according to user's drawing , surface finish is higher)
purity : Mo 99.93%
Density: 10.15g/cm3
Unit weight: The special dimension of various kinds of Molybdenum electrodes under 70kgs is consulted by both parties.
Dimension: produced according to the needs of users : (φ20 - φ100) *L (mm)
Main applications: Molybdenum electrode bar is mainly used as the furnace , electric boosting glass kiln electrode , etc
The impurity content accords with the standard of GB/t17792-1999.

If you have any inquiry of molybdenum electrode, please feel free to contact us:
Email: sales@chinatungsten.com/sales@xiamentungsten.com
Tel.: +86 592 5129696/+86 592 5129595
Fax: +86 592 5129797

Scan QR code of Chinatungsten Wechat platform to follow up the daily latest price and market of tungsten, molybdenum and rare earth.

Brief Introduction To Molybdenum Electrode

Molybdenum electrode is made through isostatic pressing and can be forged to various specifications after undergoing sintering and shaping in medium frequency furnaces.

Molybdenum (Mo) is commonly used as back contacts for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) thin film solar cells because it has the good  electrical properties of an ohmic contact and is an inert, mechanically durable substrate during the absorber film growth. In general, Mo is deposited by dc sputtering onto soda-lime glass substrates. The electrical and the mechanical properties of sputtered refractory metal films are known to vary with the working gas pressure. CIGS thin film growth occurs at temperatures > 500  and at these temperatures, the thermally induced extrinsic stresses in the glass-Mo structure may cause bending or mechanical distortion of substrate. During the formation of CIGS films, Na ions diffuse from the soda-lime glass substrate through the Mo back con-tact into the absorber layer. The diffusion of Na into the absorber film depends on the deposition conditions of the Mo back contact.

Molybdenum films were deposited on soda-lime glass substrates by using DC magnetron sputtering. Their structural and morphological properties and their electrical resistivities were analyzed with respect to the working gas (Ar) pressure. The electrical resistivity of the Mo films monotonically increased as the gas pressure was increased. The films showed a (110) preferred orientation,regardless of the working gas pressure. The surface morphology of the films changed from an elongated grain structure at lower working pressures to a porous nodular shape at higher pressures.The surface roughness of the films increased with the working gas pressure. Secondary ion mass spectrometry data showed that Na diffusion from the soda lime glass substrate through the Mo back contact was high, for the film sputtered at 5m Torr. Cu(InGa) Se2 solar cells fabricated on Mo films sputtered at 5 m Torr showed the best conversion efficiency.

If you have any inquires concerning molybdenum products, please don't hesitate to e-mail us by : sales@chinatungsten.com or info@chinatungsten.com

Three Kinds of Molybdenum Electrode Material

There are three kinds of molybdenum electrode material:

1.Molybdenum electrode
Appearance: Silver gray metallic luster
No defects (lose side, lose corner, divide layer, crackle)
To bend or align according to the needs of users
Density: 9.8g/cm3
purity : Mo 99.95%
Dimension : (14-20) * (14-20) * L L max 500mm
Main applications: Molybdenum electrode is used as electro-heat equipment of the glass fiber kiln
The impurity content accords with GB3462-82 standard

2.Molybdenum electrode plate
Dark brown , silver gray metallic luster if washed by the alkali (produced according to user's request )
Purity : Mo 99.95%
Density: 10.15g/m3
Dimension : (3 - 25)* (50 -500) *L L max800mm (Unit weight is not more than 40 kgs) special specification should be consulted by both parties
Main applications: Molybdenum electrode plate can be used as various kinds of heating equipment of glass fiber kiln, liquid-flow hole panel, etc.
The impurity content accords with GB3876-83 standard

3.Molybdenum electrode bars
Appearance: Bright silver gray metallic luster . (process according to user's drawing , surface finish is higher)
purity : Mo 99.93%
Density: 10.15g/cm3
Unit weight: The special dimension of various kinds of Molybdenum electrodes under 70kgs is consulted by both parties.
Dimension: produced according to the needs of users : (φ20 - φ100) *L (mm)
Main applications: Molybdenum electrode bar is mainly used as the furnace , electric boosting glass kiln electrode , etc
The impurity content accords with the standard of GB/t17792-1999.

If you have any inquires concerning molybdenum products, please don't hesitate to e-mail us by : sales@chinatungsten.com or info@chinatungsten.com